SUPERFICIAL FOREARM MUSCLES

GENERAL INFORMATION

The superficial forearm muscles are close to the skin’s surface and play a key role in wrist, hand and finger movements. These muscles are primarily responsible for flexion and pronation of the wrist and hand, as well as maintaining grip strength. They are essential for daily tasks like lifting, gripping and manipulating objects.

ORIGIN

The superficial forearm muscles originate from the humerus and forearm bones:

• Flexor Carpi Radialis: Originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus.

• Palmaris Longus: Originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus.

• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon of the ulna.

• Pronator Teres: Originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna.

• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process of the ulna and the proximal radius.

INSERTION POINT

The superficial forearm muscles are inserted into different bones of the hand, wrist and fingers to facilitate movement:

• Flexor Carpi Radialis: Inserts into the base of the second and third metacarpal bones, enabling wrist flexion and radial deviation.

• Palmaris Longus: Inserts into the palmar aponeurosis, aiding in wrist flexion and tensioning the skin of the palm.

• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Inserts into the pisiform bone, hamate bone and the base of the fifth metacarpal, controlling wrist flexion and ulnar deviation.

• Pronator Teres: Inserts into the lateral surface of the radius, aiding in pronation of the forearm.

• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Inserts into the middle phalanges of the fingers, allowing finger flexion.

MAJOR ARTERIES

The following arteries supply the superficial forearm muscles:

• Radial artery: Supplies blood to the radial side of the forearm, including the flexor carpi radialis.

• Ulnar artery: Supplies the ulnar side of the forearm, providing oxygenated blood to muscles like the flexor carpi ulnaris.

• Anterior interosseous artery: Provides blood to the deeper layers of the forearm, supporting the function of the superficial muscles.

NEURAL INNERVATION

The superficial muscles of the forearm are innervated by:

• Median nerve: Innervates most superficial forearm muscles, including the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and pronator teres.

• Ulnar nerve: Innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus.

TRIGGER POINT

Trigger points often develop in the superficial forearm muscles, particularly in the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris, causing pain and stiffness in the wrist and forearm. These trigger points may arise from repetitive strain or poor posture during activities like typing or lifting.

CONCENTRIC FUNCTION

The concentric function of the superficial forearm muscles allows for movement like:

• Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes and radially deviates the wrist, aiding in gripping and lifting.

• Palmaris Longus: Assists in wrist flexion, contributing to movements requiring gripping or palm tension.

• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes and ulnarly deviates the wrist, helping stabilise the wrist during grip-related tasks.

• Pronator Teres: Pronates the forearm, allowing for movements like turning a doorknob or using tools.

• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Flexes the fingers, enabling activities like gripping and typing.

ECCENTRIC FUNCTION

The superficial forearm muscles play an essential role in controlling movements through eccentric contractions:

• Flexor Carpi Radialis: Controls wrist extension as the wrist lowers, preventing hyperextension during movements.

• Palmaris Longus: Slowly relaxes during wrist extension, maintaining control of the wrist and palm.

• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Eccentrically controls wrist extension and ulnar deviation, stabilising the wrist during dynamic tasks.

• Pronator Teres: Controls forearm supination during the release phase of forearm rotation.

• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Eccentrically controls finger extension, ensuring smooth grip release.

ISOMETRIC FUNCTION

The superficial forearm muscles stabilise the wrist and fingers during static activities:

• Flexor Carpi Radialis: Engages isometrically to maintain wrist stability during tasks like holding a weight.

• Palmaris Longus: Provides tension in the palm and wrist during static grip tasks, such as holding objects.

• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Stabilises the wrist during isometric activities involving flexing the wrist.

• Pronator Teres: Maintains forearm pronation during static tasks like holding a tool or utensil.

• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Provides stability during isometric finger grip, maintaining a firm hold on objects.

RELATED MUSCLES SCIENTIFIC NAMES

• Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes the wrist and assists in radial deviation, helping in movements such as lifting and gripping.

• Palmaris Longus: Tenses the skin of the palm and assists in wrist flexion, contributing to grip strength and wrist stability.

• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Responsible for wrist flexion and ulnar deviation, aiding wrist stabilisation and grip control.

• Pronator Teres: Pronation of the forearm, allowing for palm-down movements and rotational tasks.

• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Flexes the middle phalanges of the fingers, crucial for gripping, typing and manipulating objects.

ANTAGONIST

• Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: Opposes the flexor carpi radialis by extending the wrist and assisting in radial deviation.

• Extensor Digitorum: Acts as an antagonist to the flexor digitorum superficialis by extending the fingers.

• Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Opposes the flexor carpi ulnaris by extending and ulnarly deviating the wrist.

• Supinator: Opposes the pronator teres by supinating the forearm, turning the palm upwards.

• Extensor Indicis: Works against the flexor digitorum superficialis by extending the index finger.

COMMON INJURIES

• Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow): Inflammation of the tendons attached to the medial epicondyle, caused by overuse of the wrist flexors, resulting in pain along the inner elbow and forearm.

• Flexor Tendonitis: Inflammation of the flexor tendons, particularly the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris, leading to pain and stiffness in the wrist and forearm.

• Pronator Syndrome: Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the pronator teres, causing pain in the forearm and weakness in grip.

• Wrist Sprain: Involves overstretching or tearing of ligaments in the wrist, often affecting the flexor carpi muscles and causing pain and swelling.

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, affecting the function of the flexor muscles and leading to numbness, tingling and weakness in the hand.

EXERCISES

• Wrist Flexion Curls: Strengthens the flexor muscles by curling the wrist upward against resistance, improving grip strength and wrist stability.

• Grip Squeezes: Targets the flexor digitorum superficialis by squeezing a soft ball or hand grip, enhancing finger flexion strength.

• Pronator Strengthening: Performed by rotating the forearm from supination to pronation using resistance, improving strength and control in the pronator teres.

• Reverse Wrist Curls: Strengthens the wrist extensors to balance the flexors, improving forearm function.

• Finger Flexion: Enhances the strength of the flexor digitorum superficialis by repeatedly flexing and extending the fingers with resistance.

STRETCHES

• Wrist Flexor Stretch: Extending the arm and pulling the fingers back, stretching the flexor carpi muscles and improving wrist flexibility.

• Forearm Stretch: Stretches the pronator teres by rotating the forearm into supination, improving flexibility and reducing tension in the forearm.

• Finger Stretch: Extending the fingers with the opposite hand, stretching the flexor digitorum superficialis and improving finger mobility.

• Palmar Stretch: Performed by placing the palm flat on a surface and gently pressing down, stretching the palmaris longus and flexor tendons.

• Wrist Rotations: Rotates the wrist in circular motions to stretch and relax the flexor muscles, relieving tension and improving mobility.