GENERAL INFORMATION
The Posterior Scalene, least known among the scalene muscles, is situated deep within the lateral neck. It primarily facilitates respiratory functions and assists in neck rotation and lateral flexion. Smaller than its anterior and middle counterparts, the Posterior Scalene connects the cervical vertebrae to the second rib, playing a crucial role in elevating the rib cage during forced inhalation. This muscle’s action is essential for effective breathing, especially during vigorous activities. Additionally, it supports the cervical spine, contributing to overall neck stability and flexibility.
ORIGIN
The Posterior Scalene originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebrae, typically from C5 to C7. This positioning allows it to effectively act on the rib cage and neck.
INSERTION POINT
Posterior scalene inserts onto the outer surface of the second rib, near the angle, which facilitates its role in rib elevation during respiration and enhances its ability to affect neck movements.
MAJOR ARTERIES
It receives its blood supply primarily from the ascending cervical artery, ensuring adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to support its functions.
NEURAL INNERVATION
Innervated by the anterior rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves (C6-C8), the Posterior Scalene has precise control over its movements, which is essential for coordinating breathing with neck mobility.
TRIGGER POINT
Trigger points in the Posterior Scalene can lead to symptoms such as sharp pain in the neck, restricted movement, and even referred pain that mimics shoulder or arm ailments.
CONCENTRIC FUNCTION
Concentrically, the Posterior Scalene elevates the second rib, aiding in deep breathing. It also assists in lateral flexion of the neck to the same side and helps with the rotation of the neck to the opposite side.
ECCENTRIC FUNCTION
Eccentrically, it helps to control the descent of the second rib during exhalation and moderates the return of the neck to its neutral position, ensuring fluid motion without overextension.
ISOMETRIC FUNCTION
Isometrically, Posterior scalene stabilises the upper rib during tasks that involve upper limb and neck stability, such as when carrying heavy objects or maintaining posture at a desk.
RELATED MUSCLE-SCIENTIFIC NAMES
- Anterior Scalene
- Middle Scalene
- Longus Colli
ANTAGONIST
- Sternocleidomastoid (during specific neck movements)
- Splenius Capitis
- Splenius Cervicis
COMMON INJURIES
- Muscle Strain: Occurs from sudden, forceful movements or overuse, leading to pain and limited neck mobility.
- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Compression affecting nerves or blood vessels, resulting in pain, numbness, or weakness in the arm.
EXERCISES
- Neck Side Tilts: Gently tilt the head toward each shoulder to engage and strengthen the Posterior Scalene.
- Upper Back And Neck Stretch: Use a resistance band to pull the arms while tilting the neck, integrating the scalenes and upper back muscles.
- Scalene Activation Breaths: Inhale deeply with one hand on the chest and one on the rib to feel the scalene activation.
- Isometric Neck Holds: Press the head against a resistance band fixed to one side, stabilising without moving to strengthen the muscle.
- Dynamic Neck Rotations: Rotate the neck slowly and control both sides to improve flexibility and muscle endurance.
STRETCHES
- Lateral Neck Stretch: Lean the head towards the shoulder, stretching the Posterior Scalene and relieving tension.
- Posterior Neck Stretch: Gently pull the neck diagonally forward to stretch the scalenes and relieve tightness.
- Yoga Neck Extensions: Engage in yoga poses that extend and rotate the neck, improving flexibility and reducing stiffness.
- Cross-Body Neck Stretch: Extend the neck across the body with gentle pressure to stretch different muscle fibres.
- Foam Roller Release: Use a foam roller under the neck while lying down to gently massage and stretch the neck muscles.
